Assistant Professor, the University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran
10.22081/jips.2024.76146
Abstract
The political-social evolutions in societies have always been under the influence of the relationship between the ‘agent’ and the ‘structure’. If the agent’s agendum preserves the status quo, the structure survives and experiences less internal challenges. But if the agent pursues a change in the status quo, the governing structure faces serious crises and internal tensions. In the present study, Ba‘th party of Iraq is considered as a ‘structure’ and the great religious authorities in those days have been displayed as ‘agents’ in relation to that party. Accordingly, we have tried to investigate the political action of Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr as an agent who pursued a change in the status quo with a (comparative) glimpse at Ayatollah Khoui’s approach, who chose to preserve the status quo in Iraq under the ruling of Ba‘th Party as his strategy. In this article, we have used an analytical method to analyze the structure of the agency under the authority of Muhammad Baqir Sadr and his relation to the power structure. To do so, we first explore his mentality and his theoretical and jurisprudential foundations regarding the Shiite paradigm in the Occultation Period, and investigate some of the indices of his political thought. Then, to clarify his temporal context and background, we will study the effects of those evolutions on his mentality as an agent. Naturally, the success of the Iranian Islamic revolution had a tremendous effect on that agent’s thought. Then, we will refer to the traditional structures governing the institution of religious authority in Najaf and its priorities to clarify his differences from other contemporary agents. Among them, we may mention Ayatollah Hakim and Ayatollah Khoui, each of whom had a different model and priority in facing with the official structure of power and Ba‘th Party. In the end, we will show that Sadr’s desirable model, as an agent, was total confrontation with that structure and moving towards its total abolition, and that he used all the social assets of the religious institution for that purpose. This was while other agents were pursuing interactions with the official structure and preserving Najaf seminary as their priority.
Abul-Hassan Shirazi, H. A.; Taremi, K. (2005). Naqsh Gurūhhāyi Mu‘āriḍ Irāqī dar Rawābiṭ Iran wa Iraq 1357-1378. Tehran: Center of Documents of Islamic Revolution. [In Persian]
Abu Zayd Ameli, A., ‘A. (1196). Muhammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr al-Sīra wal-Masīra fī Ḥaqāyiq wal-Wathāyiq (vols. 3-4). Beirut: al-Ma‘aref lil-Matbou‘at Institute. [In Arabic]
Borji, Y.; Nazira, Gh. (2012). “al-Dowla al-Dīniyya ‘Ind Muhammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr” in Nuṣūṣ Mu‘āṣira, 29, pp. 316-329. [In Arabic]
Bernhard, F. (2016). Mafāhīm wa Istrātījiyāt wa Ahdāf Ḥizb Islāmī Irāqī bayn al-Istimrāriyya wal-Taghʾīr (Trans. Shabib Thuvaini, M. I.). Baghdad: Islamic Center for Research and Composition. [In Arabic]
Anonymous (1996). Rūz Shumār Jang Iran wa Iraq – Zamīna Sāzī, Jangnāma Awwal: Peydāyish Niẓām Jadīd (vol. 2). Tehran: Center of Studies and Researches on War. [In Arabic]
Husseini Haʾeri, K. (1990). Taqrīrāt Mabāḥith al-Uṣū Qom: Maktab al-A‘lam ail-Islami. [In Arabic]
Husseini, M. (1989). Al-Imām al-Shahīd al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Ṣadr; Dirāsa fī Sīratihī wa Minhajihī. Beirut: Dar al-Furat. [In Arabic]
Husseini, M. (2010). Muhammad Baqir al-Ṣadr: Ḥayāt Ḥāfila Fikr al-Khallā Beirut: Dar al-Islam. [In Arabic]
Hakim, M. (2008). Al-Naẓariyya al-Ijtimā‘iyya al-Islāmiyya Dirāsa fī Fikr al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Ṣ Beirut: Center for Development of Islamic Thought. [In Arabic]
Hakim, M. (2011). Mujtama‘unā fī Turāth al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Ṣ Beirut: Dar al-Ta‘aruf lil-Matbu‘at. [In Arabic]
Hakim, M. B. (1993). “Naẓariyya al-‘Amal al-Siyāsī ‘Ind al-Shahīd al-Ṣadr” in al-Minhā No. 17, pp. 260-295. [In Arabic]
Heydari, M. (2003). Al-Imām Muhammad Baqir al-Ṣadr, Ma‘āyishihī min QarĪ Beirut: Dar al-Hadi. [In Arabic]
Khalili, M. (2003). Jumhūriyya al-Khowf al-Siyāsiyya fil-‘Irāq al-Ḥadī California: Berkley General Library. [In Arabic]
Khomeini, S. R. (1999). Ṣaḥīfa Imām (vol. 7). Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works. [In Persian]
Dowri, ‘I. (2008). Al-Jadhr al-Tārīkhoyya lil-Qomiyya al-‘Arabiyya. Beirut: Center for United Arabic Studies. [In Arabic]
Raʾouf, ‘A. (2001). Muhammad Baqir al-Ṣadr Bayn Dīktā Damascus: Center for Iraqi for Media and Studies. [In Arabic]
Slughlet, M. F. (2003). Min al-Thowra ilal-Dīktāturiyya al-‘Irāq Mundh 1958 (Trans. Kheyri, S.). n.p. [In Arabic]
Sadr, M. B. (1980). Itiṣādunā. Beirut: Dar al-Ta‘aruf. [In Arabic]
Tabatabai, M. (1990). Mustamsak al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqā (vol. 9). Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
Abbasi, ‘A. (1988). Ṣafaḥāt Sowdā min BA‘th al-‘Irāq (vol. 2). Dar al-Turath al-Arabi Publication. [In Arabic]
Askari, S. (1996). Al-Imām al-Ṣadr wa Dowra fil-Ṣirā‘ al-Siyāsī fil-‘Irā London: Dar al-Islam Institute. [In Arabic]
Ali Ja‘far, M. A. (1996). Al-Ḥayāt al-Siyāsiyya lil-Imām al-Ṣ London: Dar al-Islam Institute. [In Arabic]
Khalili, M. J. (2024). Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr’s Agentive Action in the Structure Originated from Iraq’s Ba‘th Party. Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 6(1), 175-203. doi: 10.22081/jips.2024.76146
MLA
Mohamad Javad Khalili. "Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr’s Agentive Action in the Structure Originated from Iraq’s Ba‘th Party", Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 6, 1, 2024, 175-203. doi: 10.22081/jips.2024.76146
HARVARD
Khalili, M. J. (2024). 'Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr’s Agentive Action in the Structure Originated from Iraq’s Ba‘th Party', Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 6(1), pp. 175-203. doi: 10.22081/jips.2024.76146
VANCOUVER
Khalili, M. J. Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr’s Agentive Action in the Structure Originated from Iraq’s Ba‘th Party. Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 2024; 6(1): 175-203. doi: 10.22081/jips.2024.76146