Political Obligation of Migration to Yathrib in the Quran with the Approach of Reviewing the Performance of the Prophet’s Companions

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Associate Professor, Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy, Qom, Iran

10.22081/jips.2024.76142

Abstract

The present study aims at investigating the political obligation of migrating to Yathrib (now Medina) in the Quran with an approach of reviewing the performance of the Prophet’s Companions. According to the results of the study, conducted through a descriptive-analytical method, we infer from the Quran’s verses that migration to Medina was obligatory for all Companions. Most Sunnites, based on their accepted foundation – i.e. the theory of the Companions’ justice – and adducing the verse 100 of Surah Towba, have considered the Companions’ performance in the political movement of migration as accepted and with no deficiency. However, this is not an acceptable view, for a number of Muslims in Mecca and Bedouins around Medina got into political disobedience and refused to migrate. On the other hand, after the migration, it seems that a group of emigrants returned to desert without getting permission from the Prophet and got into the Arabization after the migration. Considering the obligation of migration to Medina between the year one and eight of hijrah, all these three groups – i.e. Meccans not migrated, Bedouins not migrated, and those who returned from Medina to desert, committed a major sin. On the one hand, the divine consent mentioned in verse 100 of Surah Towba cannot mean the rightness of the performance of all of them regarding the issue of migration, because satisfaction from the emigrants mentioned in the verse is not absolute. Rather, it is conditioned on the continuity of faith and righteous deeds, while the Quranic and historical propositions do not confirm this continuity for all Companions.

Keywords

References

  1. * The Holy Quran

    1. Ahmad bin Hanbal (n.d.). Musnad Aḥmad (vol. 3). Beirut: Dar Sadir. [In Arabic]
    2. Alusi, M. (1994). Rūḥ al-Ma‘ānī (vol. 6). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya. [In Arabic]
    3. Asqalani, A. (1994). Al-Iṣāba (vols. 1, 10). Mo‘avvaz, A. and ‘Abdul-Mowjud, A. (eds.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya. [In Arabic]
    4. Baghavi, H. (1999). Tafsīr Baghavi (vol. 2). Abdul-Razzaq (ed.). Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
    5. Balazuri, A. (1996). Ansāb al-Ashrāf (vol. 1). Zakar and Zarkali (eds.). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
    6. Bukhari, M. (1981). Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī (vol. 3). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
    7. Bursavi, M. (1981). Tafsīr Rūḥ al-Bayān (vol. 3). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
    8. Fakhr Razi, M. (1992). Al-Tafsīr al-Kabir. (vol. 6). Qom: Office of Islamic Propagation. [In Arabic]
    9. Hakim Neyshaburi, M. (1985). Al-Mustadrak ‘Alal-Ṣaḥīhayn (vol. 1). Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifa. [In Arabic]
    10. Heythami, A. (1982). Majma‘ al-Zawāʾid (vol. 5). Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
    11. Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Y. (1991). Al-Istī‘āb (vol. 1). Beirut: Dar al-Jabal. [In Arabic]
    12. Ibn Asakir (1994). Tārīkh Madīna Damishq. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
    13. Ibn Athir, A. (1965). Al-Kāmil fil-Tārīkh (vol. 1). Beirut: Dar Sadir. [In Arabic]
    14. Ibn Hisham, A. (n.d.). al-Ṣawā‘iq al-Muḥ Egypt: Maktaba al-Qahira. [In Arabic]
    15. Ibn Jowzi, A. (1991). Al-Muntazam (vol. 2), Abdul-Qadir et al. (eds). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya. [In Arabic]
    16. Ibn Kathir, A. (1998). Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr (vol. 7). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya. [In Arabic]
    17. Ibn Khaldun (1987). Tarīkh Ibn Khaldūn, Shahhada, Kh. (ed). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
    18. Ibn Manzur, M. (1984). Lisān al-‘Arab. (vols. 1, 9). Qom: Adab al-Howza. [In Arabic]
    19. Ibn Sa‘d, M. (1997), Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā (vol. 1). Abdul-Qadir (ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya. [In Arabic]
    20. Ibn Shabah, A. (1989). Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Munawwara (vol. 2). Shaltut, M. (ed.). Qom: Dar al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
    21. Jassas, A. (1984). Aḥkām al-Qurān (vols. 2-3). Qamhavi (ed.). Beirut: Dar Ihya Turath al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
    22. Kabisi, A. (1986). Ṣaḥāba Rasūl Allāḥ. Damascus: Dar al-Qalam. [In Arabic]
    23. Kuleyni, M. (1996). al-Kāfī (vols. 2, 5). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islammiyya. [In Arabic]
    24. Latif, M. M. (2007). ‘Idālat al-Ṣaḥāba ‘Ind al-Muslimī Riaz: Maktaba al-Rushd. [In Arabic]
    25. Makarem Shirazi, N. et al. (1996). Tafsīr Nimūma (vol. 22). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya. [In Persian]
    26. Mavardi, A. (1991). Al-Nukat wal-‘Uyūn (vols. 2, 5). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya. [In Arabic]
    27. Mazi, J. (1994). Tahdhīb al-Kamāl fī Asmāʾ al-Rijāl (vol. 1). Beirut: al-Risala. [In Arabic]
    28. Qurtubi, M. (1992). Tafsīr Qurṭubī (al-Jāmi‘ l-Aḥkām al-Qurān) (vol. 5). Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
    29. Saduq (1995). Al-Khiṣā Ghaffari (ed.). Qom: Islami Publication. [In Arabic]
    30. Salehi, M. Y. (1993). Subul al-Hudā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya. [In Arabic]
    31. San‘ani, A. (n.d.). al-Muṣannaf (vol. 5). Al-Majlis al-A‘la. [In Arabic]
    32. Sarakhsi, M. (1985). Al-Mabsūṭ (vol. 5). Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifa. [In Arabic]
    33. Shahid Thani, Z. (1987). Al-Ri‘āya fī ‘Ilm al-Dirāya (vol. 1). Baqqal, A. (ed.). Qom: [In Arabic] Maktaba a-Najafi.
    34. Soyuti, A. (1365 AH). Al-Durr al-Manthūr (vol. 2). Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifa. [In Arabic]
    35. Tabari, M. (n.d.). Tarīkh Ṭabarī (Tarīkh al-Umam wal-Mulūk) (vols. 2, 13). Abolfazl, M. (ed.). Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
    36. Tabarsi, F. (1985). Majma‘ al-Bayān (vols. 9-10). Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifa. [In Arabic]
    37. Tabatabaʾi, M. H. (1973). Al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān (vol. 9). Beirut: A‘lami. [In Arabic]
    38. Tha‘labi, M. (2001). Tafsīr Tha‘labī (al-Kashf wal-Bayān) (vol. 9). Ibn ‘Ashur (ed.). Beirut: Dar Ihya Turath al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
    39. Tusi, M. (n.d.). al-Tibyān (vols. 2-3). Amili, A. (ed.). Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi. [In Arabic]
    40. Ya‘qubi Ordoni, A. (1992). Naẓariyya ‘Idālat al-Ṣaḥā Najafi, R. (Trans.) Qom: Ansariyan. [In Persian]
    41. Zamakhshari, M. (1994). Al-Kashshā Qom: Balaghat. [In Arabic]

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics